1: What is difference between Microprocessor
and Microcontroller ?
2: Why is Zener Diode always used in Reverse Bias condition ?
3: Difference between FM and AM, which is preferred & its advantages.
4: Questions on different coding techniques ?
5: Questions on signal processing techniques ?
6: What is RS in RS-232 ?
7: What is Lenz law ?
8: What is Transmission Frequency of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX ?
9: What is difference between Piconet and Scatternet ?
10: What is Moore's Law ?
11: How many satellites comprise the GPS and expand it ?
12: What is ZigBee and its specifications ?
13: What is FPGA ?
14: What is MIMO ?
15: What is VOIP ?
16: On what principle do Transformers work ?
17: What is EDFA ?
18: What are different types of antennas ?
19: What is Yagi-Uda antenna ?
20: What is latest satellite from ISOR ?
2: Why is Zener Diode always used in Reverse Bias condition ?
3: Difference between FM and AM, which is preferred & its advantages.
4: Questions on different coding techniques ?
5: Questions on signal processing techniques ?
6: What is RS in RS-232 ?
7: What is Lenz law ?
8: What is Transmission Frequency of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX ?
9: What is difference between Piconet and Scatternet ?
10: What is Moore's Law ?
11: How many satellites comprise the GPS and expand it ?
12: What is ZigBee and its specifications ?
13: What is FPGA ?
14: What is MIMO ?
15: What is VOIP ?
16: On what principle do Transformers work ?
17: What is EDFA ?
18: What are different types of antennas ?
19: What is Yagi-Uda antenna ?
20: What is latest satellite from ISOR ?
Q why the
input resistance of an op-amp is high whereas it's output resistance is low?
A.Loading at the input point and to pass the maximum output to the load is the requirement of Op-Amp which is a current exchange device from input side to output side.
Q.what do you understand by microwaves? why these are called micro
A.micro waves are those waves whose wavelength is less than a foot(30 cms) or freq ranging from 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.Because of there tinyness these are called micro.
Q. how do microwave oven works??
A. Heart of microwave oven is magnatron which generates frequency of appox. 2.4 GHz.explain working of magnatron.
Q.What is CMRR? Explain briefly.
A. CMRR stands for common mode rejection ratio. It is a measure of the ability of a test instrument to reject
interference that is common to both of its measurement input terminals. It is expressed in decibels and it is the ratio of the actual or common signal level appearing on the
two input terminals together to the measured level.
A.Loading at the input point and to pass the maximum output to the load is the requirement of Op-Amp which is a current exchange device from input side to output side.
Q.what do you understand by microwaves? why these are called micro
A.micro waves are those waves whose wavelength is less than a foot(30 cms) or freq ranging from 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.Because of there tinyness these are called micro.
Q. how do microwave oven works??
A. Heart of microwave oven is magnatron which generates frequency of appox. 2.4 GHz.explain working of magnatron.
Q.What is CMRR? Explain briefly.
A. CMRR stands for common mode rejection ratio. It is a measure of the ability of a test instrument to reject
interference that is common to both of its measurement input terminals. It is expressed in decibels and it is the ratio of the actual or common signal level appearing on the
two input terminals together to the measured level.
- What is
meant by D-FF? D Flip Flop (or did you mean to
ask its working?)
- What is
the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops? (Latches do not store information, here, a bit)
- What is
a multiplexer?
- How can
you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
- How can
you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
- What is
Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
- Which
semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why? (zener diode in reverse bias, why because it allows for
a large variation in current for a negligible variation in voltage)
- What do
you mean by an ideal voltage source? (Sources
infinite current to any load without any change in o/p voltage)
- What do
you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?
- What
are the different types of filters? (low pass,
high pass, band pass, band stop, resonant)
- What is
the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of
filters?
- What is
sampling theorem? (minium 2 samples per time
period? not too sure of this)
- What is
impulse response?
- Explain
the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR
counterparts.
- What is
CMRR? Explain briefly. (explained by someone a
few posts above)
- What do
you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly. (half duplex - both sender & receiver can
communicate with each other, but not simultaneously...full duplex - same
but simultaneous communication possible)
- Which
range of signals are used for terrestrial transmission?
- What is
the need for modulation? (transmitting over a
distance, encryption?)
- Which
type of modulation is used in TV transmission?
- Why we
use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?
- When
transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some harmonics in
addition to fundamental frequency?
- For
asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing
pulses additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit?
- BPFSK
is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
- What is
meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
- What do
you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB? (3dB is the half power value)
- What do
you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
·
What is meant by D-FF?(D-flip flop stands for
Delay flip-flop, it delays input by one clock pulse)
·
What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?(Latches are monostable and flip-flops are bistable)
·
What is a multiplexer?(It is used to multiplex
data from different sources normally used in TDM)
·
How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
·
How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?( Connect J to D and K to not(D))
·
What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?( Race around condition occurs in a JK flip-flop when both
the inputs are set to '1', it can be rectified using edge-triggered flip-flop
or using master-slave flip-flops)
·
Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
· What do you mean by an ideal voltage source?
·
What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?( zener breakdown takes place when very high voltage is
applied to the diode this results in very high reverse current, as voltage is
further increased minority carriers gain further momentum and strike atoms
releases more carriers, which results in further increase in temp. It becomes
vicious cycle and leads to avalanche breakdown or on other words "thermal
runaway".
·
What are the different types of filters?( analog
filters n digital filters not sure wht u meant)
·
What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual
response of filters?
·
What is sampling theorem?( sampling frequency
should be atleast twice the maximum freq present in the signal)
·
What is impulse response?( response given by a
digital system when impulse signal is applied to it. Used to find out stability
of system)
·
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR
counterparts.
·
What is CMRR? Explain briefly.( Common mode
rejection ratio)
·
What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain
briefly.( half-duplex: either sender or receiver can
use the channel at one time eg walky-talky and full-duplex: sender or receiver
or both can use the channel at one time eg telephone)
·
Which range of signals are used for terrestrial transmission?
·
What is the need for modulation?
·
Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?( video signal: vestigial side band modulation and audio
signal: FM)
·
Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?( why not DSBSC: large bandwidth req.why not SSBSC: To over
come distortion by filters used at receivers thus demodulation becomes complex
hence costly)
·
When transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some
harmonics in addition to fundamental frequency?( yup
but not sure why)
·
For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some
synchronizing pulses additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit?( for asyn tx it is necessary to use start and stop bits as
no common clock is there)
·
BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
·
What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?(
used in TV Tx for voice signal not sure why)
·
What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
Resistance, inductance(dc short, ac open),
capacitance (ac short , dc open)
Diodes:
types& definitions: p-n, zener(zener breakdown, voltage regulator),tunnel (tunneling effect),varactor,
Impatt,Trapatt, gunn, pin;
Transistors:
two types 1. Based on minority carrier(BJT:npn,pnp) 2. based on FET principle(IGFET,JFET,MOSFET,MESFET);
Amplifiers:
types:LNA,Power amp,feedback,balanced,distributed amp
Active state (for CE conf):Base if FB and collector is RB:
Saturation:Both bas and collector are FB
Cut-off:Both bas and collector are RB
Untuned Amp:Class A,B,AB,C
Oscillator:total phase shift at input is 0 or multiples of 2pi.
MPMC:
MP are memoryless.General purpose processors
MC have inbuilt memory and IO ports
to interface MP with ports 825 is used
MP types: 8085 (8-data, 16 address);8086(16data,16 address); 80186(16 data, 20 adddress); 80286(16 data, 24 address);80386(16 data, 32 address);80486 (32 data, 32 address); pentium (64 data, 32 address,Pipelining,More segmentations&memory banks);Pentium Pro(64 data,36 address)
MC: 4K rom, 128 bytes ram,2 timers,4 io ports,1 serial port, 8 bit cpu, 16 address lines, 40 pins
Control systems:
Definitions:
System:A no of elements are connected in a sequence to perform a specific function is called a system.
Control system: system in which o/p is controlled by i/p.
Open loop system(o/p does not change automatically)& closed loop system (output changes automatically)
Stability:BIBO condition :i/p=0 then o/p tends to 0.
Limtedly stable,absolutely stable and conditionally stable:
Three ways to check stability: Routh-herwitz criteria, nyquist criteria, root locus method
Diodes:
types& definitions: p-n, zener(zener breakdown, voltage regulator),tunnel (tunneling effect),varactor,
Impatt,Trapatt, gunn, pin;
Transistors:
two types 1. Based on minority carrier(BJT:npn,pnp) 2. based on FET principle(IGFET,JFET,MOSFET,MESFET);
Amplifiers:
types:LNA,Power amp,feedback,balanced,distributed amp
Active state (for CE conf):Base if FB and collector is RB:
Saturation:Both bas and collector are FB
Cut-off:Both bas and collector are RB
Untuned Amp:Class A,B,AB,C
Oscillator:total phase shift at input is 0 or multiples of 2pi.
MPMC:
MP are memoryless.General purpose processors
MC have inbuilt memory and IO ports
to interface MP with ports 825 is used
MP types: 8085 (8-data, 16 address);8086(16data,16 address); 80186(16 data, 20 adddress); 80286(16 data, 24 address);80386(16 data, 32 address);80486 (32 data, 32 address); pentium (64 data, 32 address,Pipelining,More segmentations&memory banks);Pentium Pro(64 data,36 address)
MC: 4K rom, 128 bytes ram,2 timers,4 io ports,1 serial port, 8 bit cpu, 16 address lines, 40 pins
Control systems:
Definitions:
System:A no of elements are connected in a sequence to perform a specific function is called a system.
Control system: system in which o/p is controlled by i/p.
Open loop system(o/p does not change automatically)& closed loop system (output changes automatically)
Stability:BIBO condition :i/p=0 then o/p tends to 0.
Limtedly stable,absolutely stable and conditionally stable:
Three ways to check stability: Routh-herwitz criteria, nyquist criteria, root locus method
.what is the differnce between SCR and
diode rectifier?
ans: diode is a 2 terminal device, in scr gate controls the rectifing.SCR is used in High frequency applications but diode is low freuency devices, SCR can be in high temparatures but not diode.
2.whatis intersymbol interference
ans:In telecommunication, intersymbol interference (ISI) means a form of distortion of a signal that causes the previously transmitted symbols to have an effect on the currently received symbol. This is usually an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is usually caused by echoes or non-linear frequency response of the channel. Ways to fight against intersymbol interference include adaptive equalization or error correcting codes (especially soft-decoding with Viterbi algorithm).
3.Distinguish between Angle modulation and Amplitude modulation.
ans: In amplitude Modulation as the amplitude of given signal varies, the amplitude of carrier signal also varies in the same way.
In angle modulation, the frequency or phase may vary according to the amplitude of given signal
4.What is Biasing?
ans: biasing is a process of connecting dc voltage to a device by which we can select the operating point of the device. by biasing actually we select the operating point of the device.
5.What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
ans:ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), is a character encoding based on the English alphabet.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding used on IBM mainframe operating systems
6.What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
ans:3db implies 70%(o.7o7) of the power,i'e we r interested to consider the bandwidth range from peak to 70% b'coz uptp 70% its reliable.hence 3db is called as half power freq. 3db value is the mean square value which is 70% of the maximum value.
7.What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
ans:Pre-emphasis
" Improving the signal to noise ratio by increasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals"
De-emphasis
" Improving the signal to noise ratio by decreasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals"
8.What is sampling theorem?
ans:It is defined as the sampling frequency should be greater than or equal to twice the sampling frequency then we can generate the original signal if the condition does not satisfy we get the signal in the distorted mannerit is given as ( fs >/ 2 fs)
9.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
ans: A condition in logic network in which the difference in propagation times through two or more signal paths in the network can produce an erroneous output.in jk flip flop race around problem will occur when both the inputs are high. it can be prevented by using master slave jk flip flop
10.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?
ans:latch works without clock signal,but works with a control signal and it is level triggered device.whereas flip flop is a 1 bit storage element and works with a clock signal.its a edge triggered device. normally latches are avoided and flip flops are preferred.
11. what is Barkhausen Criterion?
ans:
1./AB/=1,i.e. the magnitude of loop gain must be unity
2.the total prase shift around the closed loop is zero or 360 degrees.
12.what are active and Passive Components?
ans:ACTIVE COMPONENTS The components which produce the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as active components.Example:transistors etc,.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
The components which stores the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as passive components.example:inductors,resistors,capacitors etc
ans: diode is a 2 terminal device, in scr gate controls the rectifing.SCR is used in High frequency applications but diode is low freuency devices, SCR can be in high temparatures but not diode.
2.whatis intersymbol interference
ans:In telecommunication, intersymbol interference (ISI) means a form of distortion of a signal that causes the previously transmitted symbols to have an effect on the currently received symbol. This is usually an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is usually caused by echoes or non-linear frequency response of the channel. Ways to fight against intersymbol interference include adaptive equalization or error correcting codes (especially soft-decoding with Viterbi algorithm).
3.Distinguish between Angle modulation and Amplitude modulation.
ans: In amplitude Modulation as the amplitude of given signal varies, the amplitude of carrier signal also varies in the same way.
In angle modulation, the frequency or phase may vary according to the amplitude of given signal
4.What is Biasing?
ans: biasing is a process of connecting dc voltage to a device by which we can select the operating point of the device. by biasing actually we select the operating point of the device.
5.What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
ans:ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), is a character encoding based on the English alphabet.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding used on IBM mainframe operating systems
6.What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
ans:3db implies 70%(o.7o7) of the power,i'e we r interested to consider the bandwidth range from peak to 70% b'coz uptp 70% its reliable.hence 3db is called as half power freq. 3db value is the mean square value which is 70% of the maximum value.
7.What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
ans:Pre-emphasis
" Improving the signal to noise ratio by increasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals"
De-emphasis
" Improving the signal to noise ratio by decreasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals"
8.What is sampling theorem?
ans:It is defined as the sampling frequency should be greater than or equal to twice the sampling frequency then we can generate the original signal if the condition does not satisfy we get the signal in the distorted mannerit is given as ( fs >/ 2 fs)
9.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
ans: A condition in logic network in which the difference in propagation times through two or more signal paths in the network can produce an erroneous output.in jk flip flop race around problem will occur when both the inputs are high. it can be prevented by using master slave jk flip flop
10.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?
ans:latch works without clock signal,but works with a control signal and it is level triggered device.whereas flip flop is a 1 bit storage element and works with a clock signal.its a edge triggered device. normally latches are avoided and flip flops are preferred.
11. what is Barkhausen Criterion?
ans:
1./AB/=1,i.e. the magnitude of loop gain must be unity
2.the total prase shift around the closed loop is zero or 360 degrees.
12.what are active and Passive Components?
ans:ACTIVE COMPONENTS The components which produce the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as active components.Example:transistors etc,.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
The components which stores the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as passive components.example:inductors,resistors,capacitors etc
- What is a flip-flop?
2.What is a register?
3.Difference between GSM and CDMA technology?
4.What is the difference between 8085 and 8086 microprocessor?:grab:
- What is hole theory?
2. What is avalanche effect?
3. Difference between CDMA and GSM?
4. What is GPRS? How does it work?
5. Have you heard of 4th generation mobile techlogy?
6. What is S/N ratio?
7. What is transponder?
8. What are the types of soldering?
Q-What are the disadvantage of FM ?(short
coverage due to Line of sight comm.
whats the diff between GSM and CDMA?
GSM and CDMA represent different ways of
sharing the spectrum.
CDMA uses same frequency for a number of signals. This is possible because of Analog to digital conversion and then encoded with a random signal. Then decoded at the receiving end using decoding algorithem. Hence lot of ppl can talk wiht out interference...
WHere as GSM, the no. of ppl who can share a particular freq is limited. Specturm is divided in frequency and then time slots are allotted....for callers... :
Due to spectrum constraints, CDMA which needs less spectrum for the same number of calls, has advantage over GSM. And it's less costly to set up as well.
CDMA uses same frequency for a number of signals. This is possible because of Analog to digital conversion and then encoded with a random signal. Then decoded at the receiving end using decoding algorithem. Hence lot of ppl can talk wiht out interference...
WHere as GSM, the no. of ppl who can share a particular freq is limited. Specturm is divided in frequency and then time slots are allotted....for callers... :
Due to spectrum constraints, CDMA which needs less spectrum for the same number of calls, has advantage over GSM. And it's less costly to set up as well.
How many states does signal has ?
there are 3 states in a signal: on state, off state, tri state
2.which software is used to design a software IC using VHDL
altera
3.How many type of resistances are there in a diode
Two, one when forward biased have zero resistance and the other when reverse biased has infinite resistance
4. What type of architecture is used in 8085 microprocessor?
Von-Neumann architecture
5.What are semiconductor devices
A semiconductor device is a device which has a pn junction in it.Ex. Diode, transistor.
Basically they are different in conduction property. these materials are not conductors by default they become conductors in some cicumstances like, increase in temperature or difference in the charge density, etc.
Germanium and silicon are the best examples of semiconductors...
there are 3 states in a signal: on state, off state, tri state
2.which software is used to design a software IC using VHDL
altera
3.How many type of resistances are there in a diode
Two, one when forward biased have zero resistance and the other when reverse biased has infinite resistance
4. What type of architecture is used in 8085 microprocessor?
Von-Neumann architecture
5.What are semiconductor devices
A semiconductor device is a device which has a pn junction in it.Ex. Diode, transistor.
Basically they are different in conduction property. these materials are not conductors by default they become conductors in some cicumstances like, increase in temperature or difference in the charge density, etc.
Germanium and silicon are the best examples of semiconductors...
Ideal voltage source is a circuit element where the voltage across it is independent of
the current through it. It only exists in mathematical models of circuits. If
the voltage across an ideal voltage source can be specified independently of
any other variable in a circuit, it is called an independent voltage source.
Impulse response of a system is its output when presented with a very brief input signal, an impulse. A system in the class known as LTI systems (linear, time-invariant systems) is completely characterized by its impulse response. The Laplace transform of the impulse response function is known as the transfer function. It is usually easier to analyze systems using transfer functions as opposed to impulse response functions. The Laplace transform of a system's output may be determined by the multiplication of the transfer function with the input function in the complex plane, also known as the frequency domain. An inverse Laplace transform of this result will yield the output function in the time domain. To determine an output function directly in the time domain requires the convolution of the input function with the impulse response function.
Finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a type of a digital filter. The impulse response, the filter's response to a Kronecker delta input, is 'finite' because it settles to zero in a finite number of sample intervals. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response filters which have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely.
A FIR filter has a number of useful properties which sometimes make it preferable to an infinite impulse response filter. FIR filters:
* Are inherently stable. This is due to the fact that all the poles are located at the origin and thus are located within the unit circle.
* Require no feedback. This means that any rounding errors are not compounded by summed iterations. The same relative error occurs in each calculation.
* They can be designed to be linear phase, which means the phase change is proportional to the frequency.
Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property of signal processing systems. They have an impulse response function which is non-zero over an infinite length of time. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). This filter has an exponential impulse response characterized by an RC time constant.
Impulse response of a system is its output when presented with a very brief input signal, an impulse. A system in the class known as LTI systems (linear, time-invariant systems) is completely characterized by its impulse response. The Laplace transform of the impulse response function is known as the transfer function. It is usually easier to analyze systems using transfer functions as opposed to impulse response functions. The Laplace transform of a system's output may be determined by the multiplication of the transfer function with the input function in the complex plane, also known as the frequency domain. An inverse Laplace transform of this result will yield the output function in the time domain. To determine an output function directly in the time domain requires the convolution of the input function with the impulse response function.
Finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a type of a digital filter. The impulse response, the filter's response to a Kronecker delta input, is 'finite' because it settles to zero in a finite number of sample intervals. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response filters which have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely.
A FIR filter has a number of useful properties which sometimes make it preferable to an infinite impulse response filter. FIR filters:
* Are inherently stable. This is due to the fact that all the poles are located at the origin and thus are located within the unit circle.
* Require no feedback. This means that any rounding errors are not compounded by summed iterations. The same relative error occurs in each calculation.
* They can be designed to be linear phase, which means the phase change is proportional to the frequency.
Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property of signal processing systems. They have an impulse response function which is non-zero over an infinite length of time. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). This filter has an exponential impulse response characterized by an RC time constant.
Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other device) measures the tendency
of the device to reject input signals common to both input leads. A high CMRR
is important in applications where the signal of interest is represented by a
small voltage fluctuation superimposed on a (possibly large) voltage offset, or
when relevant information is contained in the voltage difference between two
signals.
Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. In less technical terms, signal-to-noise ratio compares the level of a desired signal (such as music) to the level of background noise. The higher the ratio, the less obtrusive the background noise is.
Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has ended. This method of transmission is used when data is sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.
Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but instead synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock signals built into each component. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that had been agreed in protocol (computing) for sending/receiving data, so some bytes could become corrupted (by losing bits). Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of the clocks and use of check digits to ensure the byte is correctly interpreted and received.
Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. In less technical terms, signal-to-noise ratio compares the level of a desired signal (such as music) to the level of background noise. The higher the ratio, the less obtrusive the background noise is.
Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has ended. This method of transmission is used when data is sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.
Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but instead synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock signals built into each component. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that had been agreed in protocol (computing) for sending/receiving data, so some bytes could become corrupted (by losing bits). Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of the clocks and use of check digits to ensure the byte is correctly interpreted and received.
what is Moore's Law?
Explain Superhyterodyne reciever.
Diff between CDMA and TDMA...
Explain Superhyterodyne reciever.
Diff between CDMA and TDMA...
What is 2G?
What is 3G?
what is 4G?
Why are video signals amplitude modulated and sound signal frequency modulated in composite video signal.?
Give Grassman's Equation.
Give IF frequencies for picture and sound..
Design a 101 sequence detector using Mealy/Moore and what is the difference between Melay and Moore
What is DTMF
what are Thevenin and Norton's theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem
what is 555 and why is it named so
Give Shannon's source coding and channel coding theorem
what is Hoffman coding
Design AND/OR/NOT using transistors..
What is Grey coding, XS-3 coding, K-Map
Why are nand gates and NOR gates called Universal gates.....
Make an and gate using NAND, NOR
What is the Nyquist Sampling theorem
What is Convolution theorem
What are FIR and IIR filters
What are the variopus windowing techniques used in FIR and what are their advantages/disadvantages
What is a Smith Chart
Give Keplers' law for Planetary motion.
Why is a common collector called an emitter follower..?
What is 3G?
what is 4G?
Why are video signals amplitude modulated and sound signal frequency modulated in composite video signal.?
Give Grassman's Equation.
Give IF frequencies for picture and sound..
Design a 101 sequence detector using Mealy/Moore and what is the difference between Melay and Moore
What is DTMF
what are Thevenin and Norton's theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem
what is 555 and why is it named so
Give Shannon's source coding and channel coding theorem
what is Hoffman coding
Design AND/OR/NOT using transistors..
What is Grey coding, XS-3 coding, K-Map
Why are nand gates and NOR gates called Universal gates.....
Make an and gate using NAND, NOR
What is the Nyquist Sampling theorem
What is Convolution theorem
What are FIR and IIR filters
What are the variopus windowing techniques used in FIR and what are their advantages/disadvantages
What is a Smith Chart
Give Keplers' law for Planetary motion.
Why is a common collector called an emitter follower..?
1)What is 2G?
2G is short for second generation wireless telephone technology.It is actually an upgradation of 1G which was analog in nature..but 2G is digital in nature..moreover its penetration in mobile networks is much higher.
Further there are 2 main standards where 2G is used - GSM(TDMA based) and CDMA.
2)What is 3G?
3G is short for 3rd generation wireless telephone technology.It is a further upgradation of 2G..its data rates are higher and it is supposed to be ranged upto 14 mbps. NTT Docomo of Japan used it first. (After this u may expect questions from Docomo,so i u r aware use this statement)
Many new applications like Mobile TV,Internet Browsing,Video Conf,Tele-Medicine can be used.
3)what is 4G?
4th Generation technology...very high data rates upto 100Mbps...can be used for Online Gaming, HDTV viewing,etc..
4)Why are video signals amplitude modulated and sound signal frequency modulated in composite video signal.?
both picture and sound signals from different stations are concentrated within the same range of frequencies. Therefore, radiation from different stations would be hopelessly and inextricably mixed up and it would be impossible to separate one from the other at the receiving end. Thus
in order to be able to separate the intelligence from different stations, it is necessary to translate them all to different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum depending on the carrier frequency assigned to each station. Also the sound signal is frequency modulated because of its inherent merits of interference-free reception.
5)Give Grassman's Equation.
Havnt heard of this..anyone please answer
6)Give IF frequencies for picture and sound..
Cudnt get the exact values Gulati kitaab dekh lena
7)Design a 101 sequence detector using Mealy/Moore
Chapter 7 Notes
Better to say cant recollect
8) what is the difference between Mealy and Moore
In Mealy machines the o/p is a function of the current state and the inputs whereas In Moore machines the o/p a function of current state only
9)What is DTMF
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center.
10)what are Thevenin and Norton's theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem?
Sometimes we need to calculate current or voltage in a particular branch of a circuit.In that case we needn't calculate for all branches..so techniques like Thevenin and Norton are used.
In both theorems we replace the 2-terminal linear device which may contain voltage source,current source both independent and dependent with the following orientation:
If they are replaced with a resistor in series with a Voltage source then its Thevenin and if it is replaced with a resistor in parallel with a Current source then its Norton.
Maximum Power transfer theorem is basically a linear device when connected to its Thevenin equivalent it receives Maximum power .
2G is short for second generation wireless telephone technology.It is actually an upgradation of 1G which was analog in nature..but 2G is digital in nature..moreover its penetration in mobile networks is much higher.
Further there are 2 main standards where 2G is used - GSM(TDMA based) and CDMA.
2)What is 3G?
3G is short for 3rd generation wireless telephone technology.It is a further upgradation of 2G..its data rates are higher and it is supposed to be ranged upto 14 mbps. NTT Docomo of Japan used it first. (After this u may expect questions from Docomo,so i u r aware use this statement)
Many new applications like Mobile TV,Internet Browsing,Video Conf,Tele-Medicine can be used.
3)what is 4G?
4th Generation technology...very high data rates upto 100Mbps...can be used for Online Gaming, HDTV viewing,etc..
4)Why are video signals amplitude modulated and sound signal frequency modulated in composite video signal.?
both picture and sound signals from different stations are concentrated within the same range of frequencies. Therefore, radiation from different stations would be hopelessly and inextricably mixed up and it would be impossible to separate one from the other at the receiving end. Thus
in order to be able to separate the intelligence from different stations, it is necessary to translate them all to different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum depending on the carrier frequency assigned to each station. Also the sound signal is frequency modulated because of its inherent merits of interference-free reception.
5)Give Grassman's Equation.
Havnt heard of this..anyone please answer
6)Give IF frequencies for picture and sound..
Cudnt get the exact values Gulati kitaab dekh lena
7)Design a 101 sequence detector using Mealy/Moore
Chapter 7 Notes
Better to say cant recollect
8) what is the difference between Mealy and Moore
In Mealy machines the o/p is a function of the current state and the inputs whereas In Moore machines the o/p a function of current state only
9)What is DTMF
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center.
10)what are Thevenin and Norton's theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem?
Sometimes we need to calculate current or voltage in a particular branch of a circuit.In that case we needn't calculate for all branches..so techniques like Thevenin and Norton are used.
In both theorems we replace the 2-terminal linear device which may contain voltage source,current source both independent and dependent with the following orientation:
If they are replaced with a resistor in series with a Voltage source then its Thevenin and if it is replaced with a resistor in parallel with a Current source then its Norton.
Maximum Power transfer theorem is basically a linear device when connected to its Thevenin equivalent it receives Maximum power .
1)what is 555 and why is it named so
555 Timer is used to produce accurate and stable time delays ranging from microseconds to hours.
inside the 555 timer, there are 3 resistors used in series
all the 3 resistors used are same and are 5k ohm resistors..
so its called 555 timer..
2)Give Shannon's source coding and channel coding theorem
Source coding theorem is stated as follows:
"Given a discrete memoryless source of entropy H(p), the average code-word length L for any source encoding is bounded as L >= H(p)"
This is basically used for Data Compression using different codes but following this rule.
Channel coding theorem says "Let a discrete memoryless scource with an alphabet p have entropy H(p) and produce symbols once every Ts seconds. "Let a memoryless channel have capacity C and be used once every Tc seconds. Then if
H(p)/Ts <= C/Tc there exists a coding scheme for which the source output can be transmitted over the channel and reconstructed with very small error."
This is basically used for Error Detection.
3)what is Hoffman coding
Hoffman code is a source code whose average word length approaches the fundamental limit set by the entropy of a discrete memoryless source.It is optimum in the sense that it follows Source coding very closely
4)Design AND/OR/NOT using transistors..
Refer books
5)What is Grey coding, XS-3 coding, K-Map?
6)Why are nand gates and NOR gates called Universal gates.....
Becoz using these 2 gates any other type of gates can be made
7)What is the Sampling theorem?
A continous time signal may be completely represented in its samples and recovered back if sampling frequency is greater than equal to twice the maximum frequency present in the signal
Fs >= 2Fm
8)What is Convolution theorem
Time convolution theorem
Convolution in time domain = Multiplicaiton in Frequency domain
x1(t) * x2(t) <---> X1(w) x X2(w) --
Frequency Convolution theorem
Convolution in freuqncy domain = 2pi x Multiplication in time domain
X1(w) * X2(w) <---> 2pi x x1(t) x x2(t)
9)What are FIR and IIR filters
Finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters
finite impulse response settles to zero in a finite number of sample intervals. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely
FIR filters are always stable but IIR may or may not be stable
10)Why is a common collector called an emitter follower..?
In this configuration the voltage gain is equal to unity and hence a change in base voltage appeears as an equal change across the load at the emitter.Thus the emitter follows the input signal. The most common use of this circuit is to use as a buffer stage which functions as resistance transformation from high to low resistance.
555 Timer is used to produce accurate and stable time delays ranging from microseconds to hours.
inside the 555 timer, there are 3 resistors used in series
all the 3 resistors used are same and are 5k ohm resistors..
so its called 555 timer..
2)Give Shannon's source coding and channel coding theorem
Source coding theorem is stated as follows:
"Given a discrete memoryless source of entropy H(p), the average code-word length L for any source encoding is bounded as L >= H(p)"
This is basically used for Data Compression using different codes but following this rule.
Channel coding theorem says "Let a discrete memoryless scource with an alphabet p have entropy H(p) and produce symbols once every Ts seconds. "Let a memoryless channel have capacity C and be used once every Tc seconds. Then if
H(p)/Ts <= C/Tc there exists a coding scheme for which the source output can be transmitted over the channel and reconstructed with very small error."
This is basically used for Error Detection.
3)what is Hoffman coding
Hoffman code is a source code whose average word length approaches the fundamental limit set by the entropy of a discrete memoryless source.It is optimum in the sense that it follows Source coding very closely
4)Design AND/OR/NOT using transistors..
Refer books
5)What is Grey coding, XS-3 coding, K-Map?
6)Why are nand gates and NOR gates called Universal gates.....
Becoz using these 2 gates any other type of gates can be made
7)What is the Sampling theorem?
A continous time signal may be completely represented in its samples and recovered back if sampling frequency is greater than equal to twice the maximum frequency present in the signal
Fs >= 2Fm
8)What is Convolution theorem
Time convolution theorem
Convolution in time domain = Multiplicaiton in Frequency domain
x1(t) * x2(t) <---> X1(w) x X2(w) --
Frequency Convolution theorem
Convolution in freuqncy domain = 2pi x Multiplication in time domain
X1(w) * X2(w) <---> 2pi x x1(t) x x2(t)
9)What are FIR and IIR filters
Finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters
finite impulse response settles to zero in a finite number of sample intervals. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which have internal feedback and may continue to respond indefinitely
FIR filters are always stable but IIR may or may not be stable
10)Why is a common collector called an emitter follower..?
In this configuration the voltage gain is equal to unity and hence a change in base voltage appeears as an equal change across the load at the emitter.Thus the emitter follows the input signal. The most common use of this circuit is to use as a buffer stage which functions as resistance transformation from high to low resistance.
Q1)Why a MOSFET is preferred over a
transistor?
A)A MOSFET is very small in size as compared to a transistor and its biasing is easier as compared to latter.
Q2)Please tell me why biasing is required in a transistor?
A)Biasing is required to get the loadline and the operating point of a transistor.Moreover different regions are achieved through different biasing types.
Q3)How different regions are got and what are those regions?Explain taking a Common Base connection.
A)Well the transistor can be biased in 3 different types to get three different regions-Active region,Saturation Region,Cut-off Region
Active Region-:Emitter is forward biased and collector is reverse biased
Cut-off Region-:Both emitter and collector are reverse biased
Saturation region:Both emitter and collector are forward biased
Q4)What is a tunnel diode ?
A)Tunnel diode was invented by Esaki and its different from the normal diode in terms of the doping concentration as in 1part of doping is present in 10^3 atoms whereas in normal diode it is 1 part in 10^8 atoms. It is basically used for very fast switching response.
A)A MOSFET is very small in size as compared to a transistor and its biasing is easier as compared to latter.
Q2)Please tell me why biasing is required in a transistor?
A)Biasing is required to get the loadline and the operating point of a transistor.Moreover different regions are achieved through different biasing types.
Q3)How different regions are got and what are those regions?Explain taking a Common Base connection.
A)Well the transistor can be biased in 3 different types to get three different regions-Active region,Saturation Region,Cut-off Region
Active Region-:Emitter is forward biased and collector is reverse biased
Cut-off Region-:Both emitter and collector are reverse biased
Saturation region:Both emitter and collector are forward biased
Q4)What is a tunnel diode ?
A)Tunnel diode was invented by Esaki and its different from the normal diode in terms of the doping concentration as in 1part of doping is present in 10^3 atoms whereas in normal diode it is 1 part in 10^8 atoms. It is basically used for very fast switching response.
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